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Essay about Campaign Finance Reform - 2666 Words

Campaign finance reform has a broad history in America. In particular, campaign finance has developed extensively in the past forty years, as the courts have attempted to create federal elections that best sustain the ideals of a representative democracy. In the most recent Supreme Court decision concerning campaign finance, Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, the Court essentially decided to treat corporations like individuals by allowing corporations to spend money on federal elections through unlimited independent expenditures. In order to understand how the Supreme Court justified this decision, however, the history of campaign finance in regards to individuals must be examined. At the crux of these campaign finance laws†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, these laws are particularly important because they deal with discussion of public issues and debate on the qualifications of candidates. This sort of speech allows citizens to make an informed decision abou t which candidate they will elect. This is crucial to the operation of the government, for those who are elected will shape the nation in a profound way. As legal scholar Alexander Meiklejohn argued when explaining the necessity of protecting political speech, â€Å"self-governance can only exist insofar as the voters acquire the intelligence, integrity, sensitivity, and generous devotion to the general welfare that, in theory, casting a ballot is assumed to express.† For these reasons, the ability to spend money on elections is essential to the First Amendment, as it allows for the communication of ideas and opinions that are crucial to democracy. The need to protect this first amendment right, however, is balanced against the need to avoid corruption in federal elections. The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA) attempted to revamp the structure of campaign finance, particularly dealing with eliminate corrupt uses of campaign contributions. Money in the form of a contribution can easily be seen as a bribe, or an attempt to influence a candidate in the contributor’s favor. FECA requiredShow MoreRelatedCampaign Finance Reform Essay454 Words   |  2 PagesCampaign Finance Reform Campaign finance issues are complicated in the United States by the fact that the funding sources of the Republican and Democratic parties differ so sharply. As a result, any reforms intended to affect one kind of funding are likely to adversely and disproportionately affect one of the two parties. Furthermore, while most issues on which elected officials decide concern benefits for constituents. Campaign finance reform involves changing an institution that benefitsRead MoreCampaign Finance Reform Essay3020 Words   |  13 Pagestheir campaign. Contributors range from unions, religious leaders, organizations such as Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD), the National Rifle Association (NRA), and senior citizens groups. When these groups, known as special interest groups, donate to candidate’s campaign, they expect the candidate to respond to their issues. Because special interest groups, as well as private citizens donate more and more money to campaigns, there is some concern that there is a great need for campaign financeRead MoreEssay on Campaign Finance Reform1003 Words   |  5 PagesCampaign Finance Reform The politics is a stage for many different characters of whom each is trying to convince their audience to give them the loudest cheer and the grand applause. Politicians who played the acts will do their best and sometimes will do everything to win the hearts of their audience and that means to win at all cost. Politics involves money for it is the way to make campaign possible that is why there are campaign managers and campaign funds to whoever will run for any officeRead MoreThe First Step Towards Lasting Campaign Finance Reform2697 Words   |  11 PagesFinal Paper: The First Step Towards Lasting Campaign Finance Reform â€Å"You don t put vote Bartlet in the ad, you can pay for it with unmarked bills from a bank heist if you want to.† - Bruno Gianelli (Fictional character, The West Wing, S03E06, â€Å"Gone Quiet†)1 Debates about the just and proper financing of campaigns for public office can be traced as far back as the Federalist Papers. On one side are those that believe any restriction in the frequency or amount of individual, corporate orRead MoreCampaign Finance Reform Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesCampaign Finance Reform Effective election campaigns have always relied on the candidates’ ability to raise money. Even in the days before television, radio and the internet, it still took money to get the word out to the people in a far-flung land. However, today’s candidates are faced with raising larger and larger amounts of money with each new election that comes along. Individuals are the primary source of campaign funding at the federal level, with political action committees runningRead MoreWhat Is Campaign Finance Reform?1342 Words   |  6 PagesOverview What is Campaign Finance Reform? Campaign finance regulation refers to attempts to regulate the ways in which political campaigns are funded. This includes all spending done to promote or support the promotion of candidates, ballot measures, political parties and more. Regulations can be applied to natural persons, corporations, political action committees, political parties and other organizations. They can come in the form of incentives, such as providing public financing to candidatesRead MorePolitical Campaign Finance Reform Essay1895 Words   |  8 PagesIn a country where democracy is at the heart of all citizens, these citizens need to have a stronger voice when it comes to elections. This is why the implementation of an amendment that reforms the financing of campaigns is disputed greatly among scholars and political officials alike. The Supreme Court has ruled that corporations are entitled to first amendment rights, but the basis of this ruling is unclear. Unfortunately the overturning of such a ruling w ould not even guarantee a restored democracyRead MoreCampaign Finance Reform and the Necessity of Democracy Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesCampaign Finance Reform and the Necessity of Democracy One of the major notions of the American system of government is that it is a government by the people, for the people. The system is supposed to take into account the opinions and desires off all those who fall under its jurisdiction. This is said to be accomplished by a representative democracy, where citizens elect one of there own to speak for the group (Hastings, 04). Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that any eligible manRead MoreCampaign Finance Reform Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesCampaign Finance Reform The Democratic and Republican presidential nominees for 1999 raised an astounding 126 million to finance their campaigns in the primaries (Godfrey). The U.S. national political parties raised a record 107.2 million dollars in soft money contributions in 1999 (Campaign Finance Reform). During the 1995-96 elections, public citizens estimated that an astounding 150 million dollars was spent on phony issue ads designed to support or oppose congressional and presidentialRead MoreCampaign Finance Reform Should Be Restricted And Monitored1780 Words   |  8 PagesIn American society, campaign finance reform is continuously a topic of discussion. This year’s 2016 election will be the most expensive campaign with presidential candidates Donald Trump and Hilary Clinton is running for office. By this coming November, campaign spending for all candidates spending for all candidates who ran in this year’s election will be an estimated total of 4.4 billion dollars (â€Å"Do We Re ally Need†). For campaign finance to experience reform, we must first acknowledge that the

Euthyphro Free Essays

Analysis of Euthyphro Nikon121 PHI 200 Bob Harris October 15, 2012 Analysis of Euthyphro Socrates was put to death in Athens for subverting the youth of the city. He was indicted by Meletus and awaiting his trail on the porch of the King of Archon when he met Euthyphro. It was at this point he engaged in a debate about piety. We will write a custom essay sample on Euthyphro or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper, I will examine that debate and present my own conclusion about its purpose as well as my own definition of piety. Holiness, or piousness, is the center of the conversation between Socrates and Euthyphro. Both of the men met on the porch of the King to deal with a legal matter; Socrates the defendant and Euthyphro the plaintiff. Socrates was being charged with impiety, and Euthyphro was bringing charges against his father for murdering a servant. When Socrates heard of the nature of Euthyphro’s case, he concluded that Euthyphro must have understood the nature of impiety and piety. Since Socrates was being persecuted for a lack of piety, he began a conversation to understand the nature of piety and impiety. In the dialogue, six different definitions of piety were given and refuted by Socrates through Socratic questioning. Socratic questioning has three main goals: to challenge assumptions and self-proclaimed experts, discover a deeper understanding, and apply rational standards critically. Each of the six definitions failed to stand up to the Socratic questioning, and in the end we are left even more confused about what piety really is. The first definition of piety given by Euthyphro was that it was doing what he was doing, and any other similar acts (Plato Jowett). This was easily refuted by Socrates as he had asked for a clear standard from which to judge all acts, and Euthyphro had given examples only. Piety is that which is dear to the gods, and impiety is that which is not dear to them is the next definition given by Euthyphro (Plato Jowett). Piety and impiety are clear opposites, so one act cannot be both. However, by this definition, since there were many gods, it is possible for an act to be both pious and impious. The gods often disagreed in many old stories, so if one god held an act to be dear it was possible another would hate it. This would make an act pious and impious, which is a contradiction. After his above point was refuted, Euthyphro modified his point to read that holiness is what all the gods love and the opposite was hated by all of them (Plato Jowett). This definition is a bit harder to refute, but it definitely falls short of giving a clear standard from which to judge all acts. This definition fails to show the nature of piety. It says the gods love piety but it does not clearly explain why. There has to be a reason that the gods love piety, and without that reason piety seems to become relativist concept. I think this definition just gives a characteristic of piety. The next definition given is that holiness is part of justice that is concentrated on by the gods (Plato Jowett). Socrates uses examples of people attending to lesser beings for the sake of improving them, and shows that this is impossible with gods since they are beings above us. The word attending defeats this definition. This leads to another unclear definition that suggests that people somehow improve the gods, which we know from the concept of a god is impossible: holiness is that part of justice devoted to service or ministration to the gods; it is learning how to please them with words or deeds (Plato Jowett). The last definition given by Euthyphro, before he runs off leaving more questions than answers, is piety is the art or science that gods and men use to do business with each other (Plato Jowett). This definition falls short in that it does not clearly show the benefit gained by the gods in this perceived business deal. It only seems to suggest that they find the act pleasing, which seems to lead back to the third definition. This definition commits a common fallacy termed Begging the Question. It defines pious as being pious because it is pious, which is not much of an answer. Socrates goal in this conversation is to understand piety, so that he can defend himself in his hearing. However, I believe that this piece has a deeper goal that belonged to Plato. It seemed that he wished to expose piety for the sham that it is to shame those that executed Socrates. I believe this because before Socrates was executed he asked that a goat be sacrificed to the god of medicine. I believe this showed that he believed in an afterlife, which indicates belief in the gods. I believe that this dialogue did not actually happen and was simply written by Plato after the death of his teacher. I think this is shown through the nature of the character of Euthyphro. He was a self-proclaimed expert on piety, as most piety experts are, and he failed to have an intelligent response to any question posed by Socrates. After failing miserably to give a satisfactory answer, he ran off. I believe this demonstrates that Plato was using this piece to put piety itself on trial. I am not a very stout believer in holiness so I can only think of a way to modify one of Euthyphro’s existing definitions to explain it. I believe a clear explanation of piety would have been to say that the gods’ love makes acts pious. This gives an explanation of why certain acts are pious, but it still does not give the nature of piousness. Socrates may have questioned why the gods loved the acts, as the reason the gods loved them would be a clearer answer than the fact that the gods’ love made the acts pious. If that answer is missing this definition also seems the follow the last definition of Euthyphro. It would seem to say that pious acts are pious because the gods love them, which is baseless and arbitrary. I believe no one thinks that moral claims are baseless so this definition would also fall short of Socrates expectations. There is no definition about why acts are pious, because pious acts are determined by men and attributed to God. Men have created God and said that he has given out certain principles, but the real reason that these acts were determined right or wrong are lost in the annuals of time. At some point, some community labeled certain acts right and wrong; perhaps nature built it into us, but nature is accepting of killing one’s own kind so this also falls short as an explanation. The reality is that the concepts of what are right and wrong were decided by early humans and adopted by society as a whole. The concept of religion furthered those beliefs of right and wrong until they became widespread. These beliefs today have become such an integral part of what we are that we fail to realize that these morals may not be right. If early humans had decided differently, and early religion adopted those views, we would have an entirely different set of morally right and wrong concepts. We would also view those concepts as being undeniably right, and view the opposites as impossibly incorrect. However, killing one’s own kind is something that happens in nature with very little impact, so our moral code is still very open for debate as is piousness and its origins. References Mosser, K. (2010). Philosophy: A concise introduction. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc Plato, Jowett, B. (n. d. ). Euthyphro. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved from http://www. gutenberg. org/ebooks/1642 How to cite Euthyphro, Essay examples

Investigating Verbal Communication Behavior -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Investigating Verbal Communication Behavior? Answer: Introduction You are a help desk / ICT officer. You have been contacted by one of the staff via the telephone. Rosa is basically computer illiterate, and a basic-English speaking European. Rosa has only been in the country for approximately 12 months, and joined the company approximately 4 months ago. Rosa is having problems connecting her Laptop to the company network since an automatic upgrade to the system has meant that every time she logs on to the network, she is asked to change her password. The system did not have any problems, but since an automatic update there has been several issues. You are to answer the telephone in the manner as designated by your supervisor. Use your skills learned on-the-job to deal with the customer and sort out the log-on issue. Below you will find a script of what Rosa might say. Fill in the blanks with what you will say at each step of the conversation. You can add extra dialogue for Rosa and you if you wish. Hello Ryan Sebastian here. How can I help you? Rosa: I am Rosa. I work in the service area, and I do ordering of spare parts on a laptop computer. But I not able to connect my computer to the office network. When I try, it always asks me to change my password, and still it not work. I changed my password five times already, and I not able to get into stock system. I getting very cross with this computer. You: It is a problem related to session expiry. Your computer is getting logged out from the office network frequently because the session timeout span is very less(Keyton et al., 2013). Your password can not be stored by the network. The network may not have the feature of auto login feature. OK how you going to help me? You: I suggest you to use GOOGLE smart lock feature(Scalisi, 2015) to automatically save the password for that particular website. It will help your laptop to get recognized when connecting to a website. You can do this for the log in page of your network and can log in to your network with one click. Network drivers of your laptop needs to be updated. How can I use GOOGLE smart lock feature ? You: when you log in to any website by using chrome browser you can see a pop up notification on the top right corner of your laptop screen. Just click on the save password option and you will be fine to go. Rosa: So how long will this be? I very behind with my ordering, and my boss he not happy with me. But it not my fault it problem with the laptop. You: This will take half an hour. I will come down and update the LAN driver and network drivers. It is not your fault. The recent upgradation in network is to be blamed. It will be solved as soon as possible. Rosa: I hope to hear from you very soon. I am extension 2134. You can ring me when you done fixing the problem. You: I will solve the problem soon. You will be notified once the problem has been solved from network administrator side. Driver software of your laptop will be updated and you will be fine to carry on your work within an hour. References Keyton, J., Caputo, J. M., Ford, E. A., Fu, R., Leibowitz, S. A., Liu, T., ... Wu, C. (2013). Investigating verbal workplace communication behaviors.The Journal of Business Communication (1973),50(2), 152-169. Scalisi, J. F. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 8,947,530. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Singer Solution to World Problems free essay sample

If you discovered a pill that would cure AIDS, would you share it? If you discovered a magical bean that could diminish starvation, would you plant it? What about buying one less cup of designer coffee or that pair of shoes because they are on sale? Would you be able to give up something insignificant in order to give someone the most precious gift of all, life? Peter Singer argues, we all have a moral obligation to help those who are less fortunate than ourselves. In Peter Singer’s New York Times article entitled, â€Å"The Singer Solution to World Poverty† he challenges citizens of first world countries to donate any money that is not used for day to day necessities to go towards charities that help feed, clothe, and medicate people in extreme poverty. He states that money spent at an expensive dinner, for a new suit, or on vacation could and should be used instead to save lives (Singer). We will write a custom essay sample on Singer Solution to World Problems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Singer’s argument is unreasonable for the average American. The majority of American citizens are not at a financial point in their lives where they are able to give such generous donations. The ones that are, should give. Singer argues that, â€Å"each one of us with wealth surplus to his or her essential needs should be giving most of it to help people suffering from poverty† (Singer 4), he fails to consider that over 20 million Americans are enrolled in college (NCES). These people should not be held to the same standards as those people who have careers and are working in a field of their choice, making good money. Instead of trying to force people who are not yet in a position to give their money Singer should suggest that instead of giving their money students should give their time and talents to helping others that are in need. A law student could focus on how to change government policies so that taxes that are taken out of taxpayer’s paychecks can actually go towards overseas aid agencies that are already in place. A student in the medical field can focus their time and talents on drugs that can help eradicate diseases that claim millions of innocent lives. A student studying engineering can focus on designing cheaper and energy efficient ways to bring clean water and electricity to small villages. Perhaps, a person studying education can brainstorm ideas to implement lesson plans into schools that teach kids the importance of empathy and giving back. Singer’s argument that all people making over the amount of money that it takes to simply survive is an unfair burden to put on the average American’s conscious. As of July 2012 about 25% of Americans had no money in a savings account, only about 40% of Americans were saving for retirement, and the average household debt was over 117,000 dollars (Statistic Brain). The rule of thumb is that every person should have enough money saved to cover 6 months in expenses. In an economy like America’s where job security is diminishing it is unreasonable to expect others to sacrifice their wellbeing and future for other people. This moral obligation should be put off until the person gets to a point where they can help people without sacrificing their own livelihood. Without this being taken into consideration it is possible and likely that these very same people will find themselves on the receiving side of charity in the near future. However, Singer is right in expecting more of the nations wealthiest. The burden should fall on those who are well above the poverty line and have a large enough savings that retirement, debt, and college funds for their kids and grandchildren would never be an issue. In Singers article he states that, â€Å" $200 in donations would help a sickly 2-year-old transform into a healthy 6-year-old†(Singer 2). If this is the case then perhaps people earning in the top tiers of this nation should be obligated to help. CNBS’s study on charitable giving states that, Americans that make between $50,000 and $75,000 year give an average of 7. 6 percent to charity. Americans that make $100,000 give a little more than 4 percent of their income to charity. Americans that make over $200,000 only give about half that at 2. 8 percent (Frank). It would make much more sense for people who make less and have more debt to give at a lower percentage. Once they meet their financial obligations they will be able to spend more because they will have a higher disposable income that can then be given to those who are less fortunate. If people in the top 1% of the country could actually give a higher percentage of their disposable income that would benefit a larger number of people with absolutely no negative impact on their lifestyle, and also take pressure off those that are not yet in a position to give. The weight of the underprivileged shouldn’t be pawned off on those that are pursing an education or those that haven’t reached their high point in life. There are enough financial resources in the world to help those that need it while allowing others to climb to their pinnacle in life. In an article written by clinical psychologist Dr. Dreyfus he explains the importance of making sure that you are operating at your very best in order to be able to help the maximum amount of people at the most efficient rate. At the beginning of every flight the flight attendant stands in the aisle and gives a speech about what to do in the event that the plane’s cabin begins to lose pressure. He or she instructs passengers to be sure to place their oxygen mask on first before helping the young, old, or hurt. This can also be seen as a metaphor for life. How can you help lead others out of danger if you are not out of danger yourself?

Chinese diaspora Essays

Chinese diaspora Essays Chinese diaspora Essay Chinese diaspora Essay Today, overseas Chinese communities are found in literally most countries of the world, and they have made significant economic, social and political impact in many of these places. Western social scientists have long postulated that ethnic Chinese communities in Asia have assimilated with their host societies and slowly lost their Chinese identity. On the other hand, all this raises the question of where the loyalties of ethnic Chinese overseas lie. Chinese overseas may owed their loyalty to host governments. This position has modified somewhat with the growth of Chinas economy. Benedict Anderson has argued that the nation is an imagined political community. Nationalism hence can be seen as a movement which includes the construction of the idea of the nation, and the identification of the communities which belong and dont belong to it.(Anderson,1983) As Singapores foreign minister, George Yeo said The idea and ideal of One China are deeply embedded in the Chinese mind. This cultural identification that inspires pride in Chinas recent achievements it has increasingly made use of ethnic Chinese business and political contacts to further its influence in Southeast Asia. Did the links between ethnic Chinese and their motherland be cut off? Did Chinese communities play any roles in internal and external relations respectively within both their host and homeland? If they do, how and what are the implications it brings to the inter-state relations, host-homeland and each other in the diasporic network? This paper attempts to analyse how and in what ways the Chinese diaspora interacts with Indonesian ethnic policies towards Chinese. It focuses on the commoditisation of Chineseness and explores the social networking of Chinese diaspora in order to understand how a virtual nation is being constructed.  2. Literature review  2.1 The process of migration  Migration denotes any movement of human from one location to another and it is usually being divided into international and internal ones. There are many extensive migrations throughout history, in both occasional or permanent manner, depending on historical setting, circumstance and perspective. Migration is an aggregation of individual behaviours into the social forms, usually not being explained by a single or constant theory as it is a combinated competing paradigm with trade-offs between differentiated pull and push factors in distinct circumstances involving some sort of empirical orientation. Ravensteins Law of migration, noticed some similarities of migration caused by economic development in the nintith centries, for examples, it stated that large towns were grow by migrantion more than natural increases, and the theory concluded that migration is always related to economic income maximization. Michael Todaro(1960, in Skeldon, 1997) correlated the concept to the income difference between rural and urban area and regard it as the main factor of migrational movement, in which people would migrant for better paid occupation or job opportunity. Everette Lee(1996 in Skeldon 1997). On the other hand, linked the initiatives of migration to the mutual concessions of pull and push factors, considering people desires with reference to different economic, cultural and political factors. Skeldon(1997) further explained that the migrants preference are not only regarding to profit-maximisation but also risk minimisation through family networks to perpetuating the migration flow, together with access to labour markets and claimed it as the new economics of migration. The risk minimization approach was built upon the segmented market theory which consists of varies sub-groups and hierachy of labours, with different remuneration or fringe benefits, and it is the decision of migrants to choose where to settle. Another strategy the writer gave is family network in which migrants were settled for generations and the risk of unintended consequences would be minimized. The world system theory, by Immanuel Wallerstein, suggested that migration is driven by the global economy through the expansion of Europe by setting up colonies from fifteen century, and resulting in the recent globalization of transnational corporations. There is a core and periphery relationship between European and other, where western countries are seen as leaders of urbanization, therefore this theory is being criticized as Euro-centric bias. 2.2 Problems caused by global migration  Associated with the increasing migrating populations, there leads a Global migration crisis, threatening the sovereignty and cultural integrity of the destination hosts. Migration is often associated with international movements, therefore there may be underlying problems of social or ethnical conflict along with national safety and identity crisis. Migrants, for instance, the politcal refugree of China may result in social unrest by either seeking institutional alternatives of their own motherlands or their hosts, leading to ethnical and political conflicts. Economic migrants who search for benefits from their host may alter the government decision in infrustrutures for the native residents, resulting in uequal distribution of social resources and social burdens. Immigrants, for example colonialists, usually imposed their own living styles to the migration destinations, therefore cultural hegemony will be formed as result. Diasporas may monopolized the economy of their hosts, broadening the rich-poor gap, causing lots of unintended social problems such as racial discrimination, slow down of economic growth, cultural imperialism or economic hegemony. And the problem of diasporas is a serious social issue many countries is facing. 2.3 Definition of Diaspora The term Diaspora, used to be refered specifically to the populations of Jews exiled from Judea by the Babylonians and Roman Empire, has primarily been associated to mass migration of an ethnic population being forced away from its native homelands, induced and dispersed to other corners of the globe usually by political forces(Cohen 1996). Unlike voluntary migrants, diasporas appear to emphasize a compulsory component and rootless identity, diasporas communities often being depicted as victims of involuntary migration by theorists. However, Cohen(1996) and Skeldon(1997) suggested that diasporas approach need to be modified because diasporas communities are not necessarily be victims nowadays as they hold a more active role in creating a new culture of exile which is a kind of strong bonds among the ethnic community and idealized concept of home culture neither be a original nor destination ones. Diasporic communities nowadays have largely altered their way of life to the suiting of their chosen contexts and developed an embiguous force in the society. A de-territorialized identity and link with the land of origin has always been the nature of diasporic identities, they are no longer suppressed ethnic minorities, instead they participate in the economy and society in destination areas and are obviously important to the hosts. There are various ways of thinking about the configuration of transnational diasporas, Sanguin(1994) explained that diasporas could be applied to those ethnic comes from countries where there is still misery, overpopulation, insecurity, dictatorship or religious or racial discrimination, therefore it maybe western-centric biased. Moreover, this word usually represent Oriental or African minorities like Chinese or Indian and is seldom used to describe occidental migrants away from their motherlands, thus the word itself may contain some sense of class discrimination and stereotyping. Diaspora is also a too generalised concept for representing the whole group, not all antecedents of these people were forced to move away from homeland, in doing so, it may not appropriate to use nowadays, instead, transnational ethnic minorities may be more suitable to describe this type of people. Diaspora nowadays somehow no longer only centred on passive involuntary migration but evolved into some new concepts about trading diasporas in 1990s indicated any ethnic groups formed by network of trading communities living in dispersal and yet highly interdependent. They are regarded as stranger merchants established with a host society. Seldon thought that the continued presence of diasporas sometimes be viewed as a threat in the aspect of national security, because these people may seek to destabilize the government in their own area, creating problems within the international system between host and original government. On the other hand, diasporas may to a certain extent, improve the economy of their host countries for example, the dominant economic role of Chinese diasporas in Indonesia. International and internal migrants or diasporas often believed to be having significant impacts on developments because they give rise to transfer of technological improvement and idea inspiration. To cite an example, German scientists and engineers exiled after WWII had significant impacts in later missile and space programmes in USA and USSR. Kotkin(1993) used the statement the making of global tribes to describe the influence to the world by British diasporas that moving out to exploit new opportunities, therefore the expansion of diasporic groups not only responsible for transnationalistic global cultural and economic flow between a core home and periphery away, but also raises critical issues of identity and political participation. According to Skeldon, the refugees gave a tremendous boost to urban growth in the immediate post-war period in Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea. However, migration did not cause the rapid development of the East Asian economies and does not rank with the macro-political and economic factors that are so often cited, migration is neither a panacea nor a threat but holding a interrelation which economic development and underdevelopment shape migration, migration, in turn, shapes development, as both concepts often related to the pull and push factors of migration. The key question is how governments can use international migration as a development tool.

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business Essay - 4

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business - Essay Example Every now and then, the Environmental Council is giving regular and proactive sessions to give information and raise awareness about environmental protection in businesses and homes. Furthermore, they also implemented environmental reporting wherein companies of different sectors are encouraged to disclose environmental information in their annual reports. Through this scheme, it would be easy for the government to recognize those companies that are not serious in doing their part in order to increase environmental awareness. Malaysia is one of the countries in East Asia that is very committed and willing to intensify their environmental regulation (Perry & Singh, 2001). Just like Singapore, Malaysia is also experiencing environmental hazards like air, water, and grease contamination brought by their economic growth particularly by manufacturing and industrialization. One of the best illustrations is the country’s Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act of 1996 that regulates th e dumping of hazardous wastes and pollution control. They are also using environmental reporting to promote and improve environmental awareness among businesses by making them more committed and voluntarily communicate their environmental activities. This scheme is highly considered by the government as part of their regulatory practices, and companies on the other hand have accepted the obligation and expanded their responsibilities to the environment. The scheme become widespread considering that the number of participating companies especially those environmentally sensitive industries are increasing (â€Å"The State,† n.d.). This only proved that Malaysia’s environmental regulation is effective and is strictly implemented. Singapore and Malaysia’s environmental measures are sufficient considering that they give some positive results, such as companies in different sectors are becoming more transparent in their compliance with environmental regulations throug h environmental reporting. Also, these companies have come to believe that being an environmentally-driven company would give them more profit considering that regulation could bring cost savings (Perry & Singh, 2001). Through this scheme companies have been more willing to pay for environmental improvements, and learned to protect and preserve the environment through â€Å"energy efficiency schemes, waste reduction strategies or the improved design and recyclability of their products† (â€Å"An Introduction,† n.d.). Singapore and Malaysia: Wage and Working-Hour Legislation According to the Employment Act of Singapore, the minimum working hours for workers is eight hours a day or a maximum of forty-four hours in one week in absence of agreement (â€Å"Employment Act,† n.d.). In addition, â€Å"Singapore has no minimum wage or unemployment benefits† (Global Investment & Business Center, 2008, p. 46). Workers are paid at least once a month subject to employ er-employee negotiation and on what has been stipulated in the employment contract. On the other hand, according to the Employment Act 1955 of Malaysia, the minimum working hours for workers is 8 hours a day and not more than 48 hours in one week with a rest of 30 minutes every after 5 consecutive hours

Lift observation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Lift observation - Essay Example Modern lift design aims at providing passengers with more aesthetic enjoyment. The need for mobility within buildings has enhanced the design of lifts to create places of character and destination where people can meet. Lifts bring a sense of ease and pleasure among people. Ethnographic inquiry provides a seamless compatibility of ideas between the researcher’s own observations and other users; lift users. The perception of technical design determines how people interacted with lifts (Carroll, 2000). This research will consider how lift design enhances social interaction. As it has been the case, once people got into a lift, colleagues acted like strangers and dropped their voices to a hush. People rushed into corners and stood motionless. Passengers watched as floor numbers counted to their respective floors. These behavior and technological advancements in lift designs has prompted numerous researchers to study the inherent social interactions. The psychology of the architectural environment determines how the presence or absence of specific design features triggered lift habits (Honey, 2003). This study was based on observing lifts in The Shard; a high-rise building where lift usage is a necessity, and London Underground; where socio-cultural dimensions come into play. The quantifiable and unquantifiable dynamics of these spaces assist in gauging user behavior. Observations were divided into two parts to enhance the amount of data collected. In the first stage, I sat outside the lift banks watching people use the lifts while in the second stage; I travelled up and down trying to blend in with other users. Using the lifts brought about a clear understanding of the experience; from the users’ point of view. Population determined the level of social interaction. In London Underground, the population was higher than that in The Shard. The stations have barrier free access to and from street level. In The Shard, a security desk

Gardner's Multiple-Intelligences Theory Research Paper

Gardner's Multiple-Intelligences Theory - Research Paper Example The theory identifies nine fundamental traits of intelligence, namely spatial, mathematical, kinesthetic, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, existential and naturalistic intelligence. (Smith, 2002, 2008). Gardner never claimed that the traits of intelligence are limited to the ones he identified. Brief explanation of these types of intelligence is as follows: Spatial intelligence is concerned with the imagination. Artists are typically equipped with such an intelligence. Linguistic intelligence makes it easy for an individual to memorize difficult vocabulary and interpret thoughts into words. People with technical accuracy of thoughts have mathematical intelligence. They are good at calculations. People with quick physical reflexes have a high kinesthetic intelligence. They are good at tasks requiring physical exercises. Some people compose very good songs and have a nice taste for music and hence excel in this field. They are equipped with sufficiently high musical intelligence. People with good interpersonal intelligence level are social and have management skills. Their social circle is large. Others who are introverts have a sound understanding of their own self and have inclination towards philosophy. They have a high intrapersonal intelligence level. People who stay close to nature and appreciate it have a goof level of naturalisti c intelligence. Existential intelligence allows an individual to comprehend and interpret infinity. The Multiple-Intelligences Theory has acquired mixed reviews of the philosophers and educationalists. Although the theory has not met with great success, there are many who acknowledge the theory proposed by Gardner as presenting the matter in a broader spectrum. The approach adopted by Gardner, is indeed realistic and mature in that it identifies nearly all traits of intelligence and explains why, some people with a high IQ are not good at performing certain tasks that their counterparts with lower

An Ethnographic Study of Well- being of Dinka Refugee Women

An Ethnographic Study of Well- being of Dinka Refugee Women Qualitative Critique Article Title: Well-being of Dinka Refugee Women of Southern Sudan Salima Shams Introduction: This paper would critique qualitative article title â€Å"Well- Being of Dinka Refugee Women of Southern Sudan† (Baird Boyle, 2012). Primary author of the study Baird is professionally an ARNP/CNS (Advance Registered Nurse Practioner/ Clinical Nurse Specialist), and also CTN: Certified Transcultural Nurse. Second investigator is also a nurse and has done MPH following her RN and both of the investigators had owned PhD degree. The major strength of the study is that researchers have evaluated cultural themes in their study of the cultural sharing group. According to (Le Compte, Millroy, Preissle, 1992 cited by Creswell 2007) â€Å"themes may include such topics as enculturation, socialization, learning, cognition, domination, inequality, or child and adult development† (p.71). Moreover, they have interconnected these themes with participant well-being; therefore, it has held my interest into it. Moreover, language of the article is easy to follow. The majo r area of improvement is that at many instances, I feel article lacks clarity and factual accuracy. The Problem: Research problem seems significant to nursing as it is concern with individuals’ (refugee) health and well- being. Moreover, significance of the problem to nursing has also been mentioned by researchers. Authors have mentioned study participants, and study questions. Purpose of the study is also stated by the authors but they haven’t mentioned key study variable â€Å"well-being† in it (Polit Beck, 2012). Problem statement of the study has been progressively developed through highlighting (problem identification/ introduction, Background, scope and consequences of the problem, knowledge gap, and proposed solution). The benefits of present study were stated clearly that is it will help in improving current nursing practices offered to refugee women (literature review section, para. 6). Authors haven’t mentioned any limitations of their study in the article. General assumptions of the theoretical framework have been utilized in the current stud y. Moreover, philosophical assumptions of qualitative and ethnographic research can easily be viewed in the article (Polit Beck, 2012). However, at few instances I have to infer such as whether phenomena has been viewed holistically or not. Review of the Literature: Literature has been comprehensively reviewed, synthesized well and logically presented by the researchers. The authors have summarized studies that address phenomena of well-being in refugee women. However, it would have been better, if further empirical literature specific to African refugee women would have been added. Authors have identified knowledge gap in the literature (Literature Review section, para.6). Moreover, majority of literature shared in the article was paraphrased and taken from primary sources. With that, majority of literature in literature review section except one, is recent that is within 10 years’ time when current study would have been started. Theoretical work has also been included by researcher in the article. However, theoretical work should have been further expanded; for example, conceptual definition of well-being should have been added. Additionally, another question could also be generated from literature review, such as, evaluation of the study participants’ social factors (Literature Review section, Para. 5) that hinder in refugee women resettlement and on their well-being. Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework: Middle range theory of transitions has been used as a theoretical guide for the current study (refer to appendix A and B) but no conceptual framework has been illustrated in the article. Qualitative studies utilize framework to create boundaries for the study, and framework helps in literature review, data collection, analysis and presentation of findings (Ryan, Coughian, Cronin, 2007). Though, framework has not been adequately utilized and described by authors in their research. For example, they have not integrated pattern and properties mentioned in the physical model in their study. Moreover, they have only talked about three type of transition in present study (developmental, situational and health- illness) but have not talked about organizational transition in present study. Justification has been provided for the use of specific theoretical framework â€Å"Three types of individual transitions†¦. as well as after their settlement† (Baird Boyle, 2012, pp.15-16). Furthermore, it is evident from the research article that the framework has guided researcher in identification of study population, main themes for data analysis and presentation of findings (Ryan, Coughian, Cronin, 2007). Population and Sampling: Authors have clearly defined target population â€Å"refugee women †¦. asylum to the United States† (Purpose of study section, p.14). Although it is one of the qualitative study design (ethnography) in which researcher describes and interprets shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors, belief and language of culture sharing group (Creswell, 2007, p. 68) and purpose is not the generalizability but to fully identify the pattern. So, adequate data collection is an important factor, in present study there were 10 study participants. According to Creswell (2007) â€Å"An ethnographer is interested in examining theses shared patterns and the unit of analysis is larger than the 20 or so individuals† (p.68). To maintain variability of the sample, subjects with diverse characteristics were included in the study (Refer sample section). Yet, researchers haven’t encountered any negative case and they have also not described participant se lection criteria. The method of sampling for the (subject) selection was through church, and by snowball. Following it purposive sampling for subject selection has been done and it is aligned with qualitative study design. Purposive sampling method provides opportunity for â€Å"theoretical sampling†. Theoretical sampling means selecting subjects who represent the important characteristics that researchers consider of interest to the study (Pidgeon Henwood, 1996) or intentionally adding of ‘outliers’ case in the study (Barbour, 2001). However, sampling method for the setting has not been described and majority of interview took place at participants’ homes and observations at church. Research Design: Ethnography study design has been used in the study. Study Design seems appropriate in regard to purpose of study as it is looking at behavior modifications/ value transformation in study participants and interpreting these modifications in relation to participants own culture. Webster dictionary define behavior as â€Å"anything that an organism does involving action or the way in which something functions or operates†. These behavioral (function) modifications have occurred in study participants because of the shift in their value system and individual learn values through their family/ society culture, socialization and through cognitive advancement. In nutshell, if we understand individual behavior, then we ultimately understand individual culture. Additionally, study is also highlighting intra- family and intra- community issue of power, resistance and dominance. However, I feel that questions that have been formulated are not according to study design. T hey are more providing understanding for phenomological research. Authors have describe participant characteristics and the context of study; hence, study is transferable/ replicable (Konradsen, Kirkevold, Olson, 2013). Data Collection: Interview, observations, field notes have used as a data collection strategy. Researcher have mentioned that the data collection methods are in accordance with ethnographic research (Baird Boyle, Method section, 2012, p. 16); however, haven’t rationale the use of selected method. Interview method of data collection seems appropriate in relation to study question; as study aimed at understanding experience of resettlement of refugee women. However, if other method (artifacts) of ethnographic data collection has been added, then it would have further enriched the data (Creswell, 2007, p.120). Protection of Human Rights: Authors have taken permission from University institutional review board. It is mentioned in the article that the participants were approached through church congregation and by snow ball sampling technique. Therefore, it indicates that people might had come forward and participated voluntarily into it. Although the researchers haven’t overtly said informed consent was taken but they have mentioned that approval has been taken from the board, it implies that informed consent would have been taken place. Study doesn’t appear to be a case of deception. It is not mentioned in the article the time at which individual participant consent would have taken place but site agreement was obtained prior to review board approval. Since the sample size is small; therefore, one can easily identify participant who is divorced or USA citizenship holder. Maximum benefit to participant has been maintained by researcher through participatory action research (PA R) project. Moreover, time provided for the study was compensated with money. Analysis: Researchers have generally explained method of data analysis which gives impression that â€Å"editing style of data analysis† have been used (Polit Beck, 2004). Nevertheless, they should have provided details of raw data; so that theoretical connectedness of data to themes could have been evaluated (Burns and Grove, 2001). Method of data analysis fit with level of inquiry, but since middle range theory of transition was used as a framework. Therefore, they should have used deductive approach for content/ data analysis following editing style of data analysis. Authors have in-cooperated participant words to support themes but haven’t inco-operated field notes along with participants transcriptions’. However, at few instances explanation provided under the themes titled ‘standing on our own two legs† and â€Å"Hope for the future† is not coherent with its title. For example, ‘several of them identified role models on televisionà ¢â‚¬ ¦.woman† (Baird Boyle, Finding section, 2012, p. 18). Rigor: The data collection methods are reliable and verifiable as interpreter and audiotaped have been utilized. Moreover, time allocation for interview was appropriate, longitudinal, with the interval of 2-5 month apart. However, adequate details of the interview questions (structured/ unstructured) have not been provided. It has been mentioned in the article that reliability was established through consensual validation with an experienced qualitative researcher. Moreover, validation of analysis is also done by study participants and primary interpreter. There is no notification of discrepant result in the article. Very scarcely researchers have present (etic) perspective in the article. Moreover, researchers haven’t shared their reflexivity in the article. Conclusion and Recommendation: All three themes that have emerged at the end of data analysis were discussed in finding section in relation to study questions. Conclusion that has been presented in the article is stated as â€Å"refugee women as strong, resilient, and capable of being responsible for their own and health and well-being† and this is justifiable to the findings of the study. The recommendation for nursing practice includes providing culturally competent interventions to promote health and well-being of refugee women and for future research studies authors have suggested to evaluate the phenomena in voluntary immigrants or undocumented workers. Recommendation for nursing practice is supported by the study results. I feel that transferability of the findings in Pakistani setting greatly depends on the geographical location because there is high inter and intra province variations in women status throughout the country. Appendix A Retrieved from, http://www.adolescenciaesaude.com/imagebank/images/en_v9n3a04 Appendix B Retrieved from http://jsn.sagepub.com/content/17/6/300/F1.large.jpg

Raising the Mammoth :: Animals History Ice Age Essays

Raising the Mammoth Back in the spring of 2000, a documentary was broadcast from the scovery channel show on television, which millions tuned in to watch. This particular segment was dedicated to a recent discovery and excavation of a woolly mammoth found in the Siberian tundra of Russia. The expedition was headed by scientist, Bernard Buigues. This individual has organized over 20 different expeditions to the Siberian tundra of Russia, which made him highly qualified. Along with other colleges, Bernard successfully excavated a frozen, fully in tact, woolly mammoth that is said to be over 20,000 years old. (Head scientist: Bernard Buigues) What is a woolly mammoth? A woolly mammoth is a similar ancestor of the African and Asian elephants of today. It belongs to the same mammal classification known as proboscidenas, or mammals with long trunk like noses. Both of these breeds come from the same family tree but are distinct cousins. As you can see the woolly mammoth had fur all around it to protect it from the frigid Artic weather conditions of the ice age when it was around. These animals were travelers and like there cousins could be found in every continent besides Australia and South America. Not all looked alike but where classified together because of the trunk like nose characteristics. These animals would spend much of there time dedicated to eating and supporting their massive body weight. They were not carnivores but plant eaters. One woolly mammoth would eat up to 200 pounds of food a day to sustain it's self. It would dedicate up to 20 hours a day grazing on the fie lds and eating herbs, shrubs even parts of trees as it's diet. Because of their massive size the woolly mammoth really had no predators. Their huge tusks and ability to move with a deadly strike made them bullies of their ice age. A few would be taken down only due to old age or young lives but not as a mature adult. The woolly mammoth did live to a good age without many worries but with a huge appetite. The mammoth that was discovered in the Russian Siberian tundra was exactly this. So what is in the future for such a remarkable creature?